It is shown that all three types of surfactants decelerate the growth of the gas-hydrate in the emulsion and can be considered as anti-agglutinating and kinetic low-dose inhibitors. The kinetics of gas hydrate formation of propane in a water-oil emulsion is experimentally studied when three types of surfactants (SAA (surface acting agent)) - anionic type emulsifiers - are added to the aqueous phase. Influence of surfactants on gas-hydrate formation' kinetics in water-oil emulsion A prediction scheme is given to estimate the water content and viscosity of the resulting water-in-oil state and the time to formation with input of wave height. The density, viscosity, saturate, asphaltene and resin contents are used to compute a class index which yields either an unstable or entrained water-in-oil state or a mesostable or stable emulsion. In this paper, a new numerical modelling scheme is proposed and is based on empirical data and the corresponding physical knowledge of emulsion formation. If the same oil type as already studied is to be modelled, the laboratory data on the state and properties can be used directly. The present authors suggest that both the formation and characteristics of emulsions could be predicted using empirical data. These results do not correspond to either laboratory or field results. A review of past modelling efforts to predict emulsion formation showed that these older schemes were based on first-order rate equations that were developed before extensive work on emulsion physics took place. The different types of water-in-oil classes are readily distinguished simply by appearance, as well as by rheological properties. Water-in-oil emulsions made from crude oils have different classes of stability as a result of the asphaltene and resin contents, as well as differences in the viscosity of the starting oil. Water content at formation was not an important factor. These states were established according to lifetime, visual appearance, complex modulus, and differences in viscosity. Of these, only stable and mesostable states can be characterized as emulsions. Water-in-oil mixtures were grouped into four states or classes: stable, mesostable, unstable, and entrained water. Formation of water-in-oil emulsions and application to oil spill modelling.
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